Penalties for Plagiarism in Us and Uk Academic Institutions free essay sample

Penalties for Plagiarism in US and UK Academic Institutions Outline Plagiarism is a serious crime and needs to get handled through penalties. The penalties related to plagiarism has been dealt under strict structure, by the US and UK Institutions. It is under certain rules that the attempt has been made to fight with plagiarism. This paper highlights these rules and forwards some specific interpretations related to the practical practices. Introduction Plagiarism has been defined by WordNet (3. 0) as a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work. It is a practice where a person imitates another person’s work and declares it to be his own. It is a common practice within academia. This is a practice that has been mostly found among students, researchers and even professors. It is definitely not correct to imitate other’s thought and to declare it as one’s own. We will write a custom essay sample on Penalties for Plagiarism in Us and Uk Academic Institutions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is like getting hold over someone’s property without any notification, and that is very illegal. Innovative thoughts add resources to the developmental proceedings of social context. These thoughts should be provided proper acknowledgements and a negation to the process of acknowledgement should be considered as an illegal approach. Thesis Statement To interpret the penalties meant for plagiarism in US and UK Academic Institutions Anti-plagiarism Policy implemented by US and UK Academic Institutions The institutions of US and UK follow Plagiarism and fraud policy and Data Protection policy to achieve a strategic anti-plagiarism approach. These institutions scrutinise between deliberate cheating and the process of unintentional or inadvertent plagiarism. They also consider Human Rights Act, while dealing with cases of plagiarism and provide enough caution (Stevens, Young Calabrese 245). In order to gain effective anti-plagiarism approach, the institutions need to have a combination of well structured and technologically supported consistent disciplinary methodology (McGowan 291). By the implementation of consistent learning as well as teaching strategies, these institutions can make the student well aware of illegal approaches of plagiarism. This can be well incorporated in them during their â€Å"academic apprenticeship†. Carroll and Appleton declare that the anti-plagiarism policies implemented by UK and US institutions, are directly related to the penalties of expulsions, degree withheld and severe fines (6). However to prevent plagiarism, these institutions motivate the students, in being careful with plagiarism. In case of practicing plagiarism in US and UK institutions, the authority of the particular institution has got the authority to take any kind of academic action against the student. This gets considered as a means to establish anti-plagiarism policy in the institution. All kinds of database rights are within the European Union, however there are instances when interventions are led into this jurisdiction and the research data get copied. Anti-plagiarism policy prevents these databases from being copied and thus tries to keep them from getting plagiarized. There are various sources of misrepresentation; that deal with the intrusion of authorship declaration to another person’s research. This gets noticed under anti-plagiarism policy, as a matter of pure fraud. The policies also look into the violation of copyright or any other party rights, under the persuasion of Copyright Designs and Patents Act. Penalties Imposed on Students caught Plagiarizing Plagiarism has been considered as academic dishonesty by the US and UK institutions. Through legal approaches, it has been designated as academic fraud; to which the offender is very much subject to academic censure. In the academic institutions of the US and the UK, plagiarism penalties can be inclusive of fines and can get extended to expulsion. For these institutions, plagiarism has been concerned with the matter of unearned increment by means of plagiarizing authors contribution achieved through the ways of false claims of having the authorship. The penalties on plagiarism in academic institutions of US and UK can be enlisted as withheld of degree, cancellation of degree, expulsion from the University, heavy fines and loss of year or years. As stated by Brannan penalties for plagiarism are implemented through following process (45) – ?For 1st offense: The Parents or the Guardian gets notified. The student gets zero-grade for the submitted work. He is also declared ineligible for receiving National Honour Society ? For 2nd offense: The act of plagiarism as 2nd offense means a repetition and that can result for 3 day suspension. Eventually the Parent or the Guardian is called to conference all the matters included in the subsequent offenses. Every issue of plagiarism then gets dealt through case by case basis. Heavy Penalties are Justifiable According to my personal interpretations, it is very necessary to declare all the sources that inspire a research to develop in a right manner. In this process the contributions made by all the scholars are very necessary. Since the motive of every educational institute is to make the student or the scholar, learn more through personalized involvement; it is always important for the individual to participate in the process. This can be attained by providing authentic analysis and declarations of thoughts that are collected from various sources. Considering the former scholars in understanding a topic is highly appreciated by these institutions. However while making a declaration it is important to acknowledge their efforts and add their contributions in gaining the specified knowledge. If someone ignores this context and declares other’s statement as his own, then he should be seriously penalized. Having a common thought can be possible, but the expression of the thought in exact order and words is pure cheating. It is unethical to copy others innovative ideas and to declare it as personal. Fines and imprisonments should be availed for all these practices. Conclusion Eventually, it can be well concluded that the process of imitating and copying the thoughts and languages can lead to a serious setback to one’s career. It is worth to note that every research needs to have a promotional and futuristic thought. It is important to provide the same by pursuing personal knowledge and analytical skills. Dishonesty in this persuasion can lead to serious penalties and the researcher or the student can lose his career. To make declaration of every source should be considered seriously and should be always enlisted at the end of the document in proper format. Works Cited Brannan, Joyce A. Technical Services Librarian, Julia Tutwiler Library, University of West Alabama, Livingston, Alabama. 2005. Web. 9th Dec. 2009] Carroll, Jude Appleton, Jude. Good practice guide to plagiarism. London: Oxford Brookes University. 2001 McGowan, Ursula. Plagiarism detection and prevention: Are we putting the cart before the horse? Proceedings of the 2005. 2005HERDSA Annual Conference, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 28 287-293 Stevens, Jason M. Young, Michael F. Calabrese, Thomas. Does moral judgment go offline when students are online? A comparative analysis of undergraduates beliefs and behaviors related to conventional and digital cheating. Ethics and Behavior, 17(3), 233-254. 2007 WordNet. Definition of Plagiarism. Web 10th Dec. 2009 http://wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=plagiarism

Investigating the Matching Hypothesis Essay Example

Investigating the Matching Hypothesis Essay Example Investigating the Matching Hypothesis Essay Investigating the Matching Hypothesis Essay For my research I will be investigating the matching hypothesis theory, first proposed by Goffman. He suggested that people chose partners who were of a similar level of attractiveness as themselves.  This was not further researched until Walster et al. in 1966 devised a Computer Dance. Over 700 student participants were involved in the study. They were first rated on attractiveness by 4 independent judges and then given a questionnaire, which to their knowledge was to match them to a partner similar to them. However, it had no relevance to the study, and the participants were paired randomly, with the only exception being that no man was paired to a woman taller than them. During the dance the participants were asked to rate their date. It was found the more attractive students (according to the independent judges) were rated more favourably.  This did not validly support the hypothesis as the meeting was only brief and therefore the participants could only be rated on superficial characteristics. It also gave no example of a correlation between male and female attractiveness.  Therefore a follow-up study was conducted 6 months later. This gave more evidence to support the hypothesis, as it was found that the dates who had become couples after the dance were highly likely to be of a similar level of attractiveness (according to the ratings given to them previously by the independent judges). In 1969 Walster and Walster conducted a similar study, but this time where the participants met each other first. This gave them time to interact more, learn about each other and therefore assess their dates other characteristics, such as intelligence, sense of humour and general personality. This study had greater ecological validity than the original, and the results also supported the hypothesis partners that were similar in terms of physical attractiveness expressed the most liking for each other. One reason for this was proposed by Huston. He suggested that people were more likely to favour those of the same level of attractiveness as themselves because of a fear of rejection and a need for companionship. This need for companionship has been supported by a lot of research so may be a reasonable suggestion, but does not take into account self-concept as people may rate themselves differently than impartial judges. Brown then argued in favour of the matching hypothesis, but only because we learn what is fitting. This means that we learn our place in society and what we have to give others, and then adjust our rating of potential partners accordingly. This seems to be a more comprehensive explanation, eliminating criticisms of Hustons theory, as often our self-concept is influenced by society. In my research I will be conducting a similar study to Murstein, who asked impartial participants to rate photos of both men and women, all of whom were in a couple with someone else in the photos. His research also supported the matching hypothesis as partners were rated similarly on attractiveness.  He concluded that: Individuals with an equal market value for physical attractiveness are more likely to associate in an intimate relationship such as premarital engagement than individuals with disparate values. My method of research will be a correlation study. The difference between an experiment and a correlation study is that an experiment measures the difference between two variables, while a correlation study measures the relationship between two variables. This is advantageous because I do not have to manipulate anything within the study. However, one problem with a correlation study is that it cannot infer that any relationship shown in the study is a cause-and-effect relationship. As I will be conducting a correlation study and not a traditional experiment, I will not be studying an IV and DV. This is because I am simply studying a relationship between two variables, and not cause and effect. Instead I will be observing two variables: the attractiveness of the male in a married couple, and the attractiveness of the female in a married couple.  My hypotheses are as follows, with my experimental hypothesis (H1) being one-tailed (meaning I expect a direction of correlation).  My experimental hypothesis (H1) is:  It is predicted that there will be a positive correlation between the male and female in a couple, when rated by participants on physical attractiveness. My null hypothesis (H0) is:  It is predicted that there will be no correlation between the attractiveness of males and females in couples as rated by participants.  Method  Design and Overview  My investigation will be a correlation study. I chose this method of study because it is the best method of examining a relationship between two variables (in this case males and females in couples.) I chose to carry out the correlation study through surveying participants as I thought this would be the most efficient way of obtaining accurate results.  My method of research means I do not have a participants design e.g. as I am not conducting an experiment, I do not need a design such as repeated measures or independent groups. I will simply have one set of participants who I will ask questions to. I do also not need an IV and DV, simply the aforementioned two variables to be measures: the attractiveness of the male in a couple, and the attractiveness of the female in a couple. I will be conducting the experiment in the following way. I will be asking 10 female participants to rate 10 male photos on physical attractiveness, on a scale of 1 to 9 (1 being lowest, 9 being highest, 5 being average). The scores will be given independently for each photo, e.g. the scores for the photos do not have to be ordered. I will then ask the male participants to do the same but for the females. I will need to brief each participant first and gain their consent before conducting the study. I will make sure that the conditions of the experiment are controlled, by ensuring all participants take part on their own so there is no influence from other people.  Subjects and Participants  My target population was the students at Exeter College. I checked the participants were not psychology students, to make sure they did not know the extent of the study (therefore eliminating demand characteristics). I also checked that they were in the age bracket 16-19. This applies to the majority of students at college, but I checked because to have 1 or 2 mature student participants could greatly alter the results as these students may have a very different perspective. From this I used opportunity sampling to find 20 participants 10 male and 10 female. For this I stood in the main college building and found people available and willing to partake at the time. Opportunity sampling is the quickest and easiest way to find participants from my target population, although can be seen to be biased as participants often have the same sort of qualities. However, as my college caters for a large range of people with a large range of interests, I did not think my results would be too greatly influenced. I did not ask for any personal information from my participants e.g. name as I didnt think this was relevant to my research. Therefore my participants were anonymous. I also separated consent forms so that no other participants could see the signatures of those who had taken part before them.

Jungle Fever Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jungle Fever - Movie Review Example Discrimination is thÐ µ application of prÐ µjudicÐ µ in individual, sociÐ µtal, or institutional actions that sÐ µÃ µk to homogÐ µnizÐ µ and disparagÐ µ thÐ µ out-group whilÐ µ lÐ µaving thÐ µ in-group frÐ µÃ µ of similar scrutiny or action. This is far from a comprÐ µhÐ µnsivÐ µ dÐ µfinition of discrimination, which can also includÐ µ social dÐ µcisions that arÐ µ basÐ µd on thÐ µ gÐ µndÐ µr, racÐ µ, or sÐ µxuality of a pÐ µrcÐ µivÐ µd group, to namÐ µ just a fÐ µw possiblÐ µ dÐ µlinÐ µations. ThÐ µ causÐ µ for most discrimination and prÐ µjudicÐ µ is thÐ µ fostÐ µring of stÐ µrÐ µotypÐ µs that sÐ µÃ µk to assay out-group cultural homogÐ µnÐ µity from thÐ µ pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µ of thÐ µ majority in-group, which in this casÐ µ involvÐ µs thÐ µ majority in-group bÐ µing thosÐ µ who do not bÐ µlong to thÐ µ culturÐ µ. #2 In tÐ µrms of adultÐ µry, whÐ µthÐ µr FlippÐ µr’s dalliancÐ µ was black or whitÐ µ, it would s till bÐ µ chÐ µating. I think that thÐ µ ladiÐ µs at Cyrus’ would hold on to somÐ µthing to gossip about, and thÐ µ mixÐ µd racÐ µ naturÐ µ of thÐ µ couplÐ µ was thÐ µ first and most sÐ µnsational thing that thÐ µy could gÐ µt. If thÐ µy hadn’t gottÐ µn this, and AngiÐ µ had bÐ µÃ µn black, thÐ µy would havÐ µ still gossipÐ µd; it would havÐ µ just bÐ µÃ µn about adultÐ µry, or maybÐ µ socio-Ð µconomics. ... ThÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ various usÐ µful rÐ µasons for this (morÐ µ usÐ µful than prÐ µjudicÐ µ basÐ µd on racÐ µ), but most of thÐ µm, likÐ µ prÐ µjudicÐ µs basÐ µd on racÐ µ, arÐ µ supÐ µrficial and basÐ µd on fÐ µar and thÐ µ inability to Ð µxprÐ µss that it is OK to bÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt. PrÐ µjudicÐ µ is a prÐ µmaturÐ µ judgmÐ µnt, no mattÐ µr what thÐ µ contÐ µxt. #3 ThÐ µ SnipÐ µs charactÐ µr’s rÐ µsponsÐ µ was bigotÐ µd, I thought, but it didn’t surprisÐ µ mÐ µ too much. It is my bÐ µliÐ µf that prÐ µjudicÐ µd trÐ µatmÐ µnt of individuals and stÐ µrÐ µotyping havÐ µ a dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt rÐ µlationship; that is, thÐ µ mistrÐ µatmÐ µnt of thÐ µsÐ µ individuals on a sociÐ µtal lÐ µvÐ µl in many ways cannot Ð µxist without pÐ µrvasivÐ µ stÐ µrÐ µotyping. Basically, onÐ µ can sÐ µÃ µ prÐ µjudicÐ µ as thinking that your culturÐ µ or physical statÐ µ of bÐ µing is supÐ µrior to othÐ µr culturÐ µs or phys ical statÐ µs of bÐ µing that you Ð µncountÐ µr, and thÐ µn classifying thÐ µsÐ µ othÐ µr culturÐ µs nÐ µgativÐ µly as a rÐ µsult of stÐ µrÐ µotyping thÐ µm. For Ð µxamplÐ µ, many think that all mÐ µntally ill pÐ µoplÐ µ arÐ µ actually rÐ µtardÐ µd, whÐ µn many of thÐ µ mÐ µntally ill actually show signs of bÐ µing brilliant in spÐ µcific fiÐ µlds. It sÐ µÃ µms that stÐ µrÐ µotypÐ µs about individuals arÐ µ common among Ð µxclusivist rÐ µligions and groups who arÐ µ unablÐ µ to accÐ µpt morÐ µ than onÐ µ vÐ µrsion of thÐ µ truth. Many think of stÐ µrÐ µotyping as a stratÐ µgy pÐ µoplÐ µ usÐ µ to gÐ µnÐ µralizÐ µ a group of pÐ µoplÐ µ whÐ µn thÐ µy do not havÐ µ communication with or accuratÐ µ information about thÐ µ stÐ µrÐ µotypÐ µd group, for whatÐ µvÐ µr rÐ µason. It is my opinion that prÐ µjudicÐ µ would not Ð µxist without stÐ µrÐ µotyping, and that by combating stÐ µrÐ µotyping as a sort of lÐ µast comm on dÐ µnominator for which morÐ µ

Project Management Issue Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management Issue Report - Research Paper Example Such considerably account the framework to understand the business operational management taking into account some policies, strategies, quality control, monitoring and employees’ evaluation or appraisal which are crucial in managing corporate systems. As a mechanism, it involves budgeting, economic valuing and usage of balance scorecard (Otley, 2002). Thus, it necessitates disciplined decision-makings to advance the performance of an institution driven by motivation, business policies and corporate vision or goals. Usually, project outcomes of the business corporations are measured by assessing goals or objectives against with key result areas (KRAs). As to its essence in human resource management (HRM), project managers seriously delve on organizational structures to ensure that systems can operationalize and integrate plans by optimizing desired technical skills from humane resources hence, project management experts should nurture value-system and takes direction through c lear vision and mission as common direction where all undertakings are geared (Ilies, Crisan & Muresan, 2010). Organizational managers however thought that for this to be effective and for employers to be proficient, they need to be clarified about the nature of their contracts with mutual trusts and strong commitments. PM and Governance Moreover, project management is a system that is sensitive too to corporate regulations and policies. As part of corporate policy, the management should have distinct and competitive policy in the administration, in human resource management, and in extolling policies which secure customer satisfaction by optimizing unrivalled quality service, developing competitive products' pricing, exercising corporate ethics and solid teamwork of employees with management (Dransfield, 2000, p. 70). In so doing, it’s crucial for managers to exhibit leadership by managing the company from the vantage of its objectives. Managers are also imbued with knowledg e on quality control to ensure that there is complete integration, time management, cost efficiency, open communications, systematized procurement and scheme for risk mitigation (Nastase, Tapurica & Tache, 2010). The quality control also includes standardization of working environment, its products and its operational systems. Managing the project well contribute and auger well to the national economy. Such meant illustrating necessary skills for comprehensive planning, organizing, directing and controlling the financial, technical and resources. Hence, it’s imperative to systematize relations, production, marketing and maintenance to ascertain sustainability. Managers ought to ascertain their strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) and regularly conduct political, economic, social, technical, environmental and legal (PESTEL) analysis. The company must invest more to boost strengths and opportunities as well as strategize ways to deal with threats and weaknesse s. The conduct of PESTEL analyses will enable strategic decisions to meet challenges and to craft responses on potential problems. It will also help solidify its economic standing in relation to rapid changes of world economy. PM and Virtual Realities These days corporations have virtual counter part in its operation—

Analyze the ways in which at least three supporting characters Essay

Analyze the ways in which at least three supporting characters contribute to the readers understanding and assessment of the cha - Essay Example Jay Gatsby - Analytical Elaboration Perhaps, the most important character of â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, for the purpose of aptly analyzing and understanding Jay Gatsby, is that of Daisy Buchanan. As a matter of fact, for all people reading this novel, it would be almost impossible to form the right opinion about Jay Gatsby without relating him to Daisy. When Jay Gatsby is viewed by separating him from all other chief characters of the novel, one would conclude that he is an out and out materialistic man with hardly any morals. But this contention is far from the truth. There are several positive facets of the central character, and which can be best understood only when they are viewed in relation to Daisy Buchanan. Before Gatsby leaves for participating in the Second World, Daisy gives him a commitment that she would await his return. But later, she broke her word and married Tom Buchanan, a wealthy man. This particular action of Daisy was in no way less than a devastating expe rience for Gatsby, who then decided to amass lot of wealth solely for the purpose of making sure that Daisy returns to him. In these materialistic pursuits, Gatsby indeed deviated from the accepted ethical norms. Had she (Daisy) chosen to sincerely wait for the return of Gatsby from the War, he would have been an entirely different man.

The Materials Management In Malaysia Construction Construction Essay

The Materials Management In Malaysia Construction Construction Essay In construction, materials and equipment account for 50-60 of the project cost, and the most common cause of delays in construction is lack of materials (Amir Tavakoli  Ã‚  Adil Kakalia, 1993). Studies conducted by the Construction Industry Institute, American Association of Cost Engineers, and others have emphasized the importance of construction materials management (Amir Tavakoli  Ã‚  Adil Kakalia, 1993). These studies have concluded that effective materials management system will result in a 6-8% improvement in labour productivity, improved cash flow, reduced bulk materials surplus, reduced materials management human resource, improved vendor performance, reduced requirement for physical warehouse facilities, quantity purchasing discounts, minimized cost impact of change orders, and fewer project delays. The saving made as a result of these improvements outstrip the cost of implementing a materials management system by ten to one (Amir Tavakoli  Ã‚  Adil Kakalia, 1993). Nowadays, the cost of materials for construction is increasing form year to year due to market force, lack of natural resources, and etc. In order to reduce the construction cost, material management has to be carrying out to control the construction cost to make more profit. 1.2 Problem statement Lack of materials management in construction will result in rising of construction cost, more wastage, lowering the profit and etc. In order to make a higher profit with a high construction cost, developer tend to sell their development in a higher price and hence building cost will become higher and result in purchaser have to pay a larger afford on the payment. Government should pay more afford to contractor on materials management in order to reduce wastage as nowadays our world is more concern in recycle and also to reduce the afford of people to buy a comfort residential for themselves or to get a shop to undergoes their business. 1.3 Objectives 1. To identify whether the materials management system are properly carried out in construction site. 2. To determine the proper way in carrying out materials management on construction site. 2. To determine the advantages of the used of materials management. 1.4 Rationale of study Building materials is a important resources in a construction industry. No matter how big or small the project is, contractor should pay more attention on building materials in order to reduce wastage and also to maximize their profit. Many construction companies still do not do well in materials management which can help them to make more profit and also to help their construction running smoothly. So, there are some reasons why this research needs to be carried out. First of all, how to applied and organised the proper materials management system to a project. Secondly, how to increase the profit of construction company by the used of materials management system. Hopefully, this research will give a clear picture on materials management and provide a guideline for local construction company to improve their materials management system. 1.5 Methodology Methodology method to be used is questionnaires. First, aims and objectives will be planned and draft out all the content needed. After finalize the survey questionnaire, 30 samples will be conducted by sending to different construction company. The targeted constructions companies contacts are obtain from internet, friends and newspaper. After collected the questionnaires, the data collected will be analyze. Conclusion and recommendations will have made at the end of the research. The purpose of using questionnaires is that it can be compare different ways of materials management system carried out by different construction company and this also is an easy way to collect data. Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 Definition Materials management is an organizational philosophy that has evolved through application of the systems approach to management, an approach that provides for integration of all management functions. A primary objective of this philosophy is to coordinate all business activities that are part of the materials cycle, from supplier through company operations and on to the customer. Materials management is an umbrella that integrates all the critical materials sub functions and , as such, is a major company function, among such others as engineering, finance, and manufacturing as show in figure 1.1(Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos, 1995): Capture Figure : Major company function cooperating to achieve common objectives A simpler definition of materials management could be the line of responsibility which begins with the selection of suppliers and ends when the material is delivered to its point of use. (Dean S. Ammer, 1969). Material managements is a concept which brings together under one manager the responsibility for determining the manufacturing requirements, scheduling the manufacturing process, and procuring, storing and dispersing material. As such it is concerned with, and control, activities involved in the acquisition and use of all material employed in the production of a finished good. (R J Carter and P M Price, 1993) 2.2 Concept Neither the terminology nor the concept of a totally integrated material organization has been accepted by all business throughout the world. Many of the local company use the different term to coding this management such as Material Management, logistics, and Physical distribution for similar organizations. Others have embraced the title but not the full organizational philosophy. Despite different names, however, the trend in recent years has been for companies to adopt the materials management or logistics management title. (Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos, 1995) Business costs attributable to material are significant portion of the total cost of goods and services. Increasingly, companies are recognizing the need to implement this type of organization to maximize profits, improve customer service, establish needs controls, and reduce costs. (Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos, 1995) 2.3 Functions of Material Management In building construction industry, Material Management works with all departments, the major function is to provide the right materials to the right operating point at the right time in a usable condition and at the minimum cost. So, in generally the Material Management play an important role whether the profit the Contractors firm will maximize or remain unchanged. (R.J.Carter and P.M Price, 1993) Besides that, the amount of wastage also reduced with the used of materials management as nowadays what our community concern more about in the term of Recycle. Below are the basic function of the use of materials management in construction industry: Classification of materials Location on site Movement on site Reduction of waste Quality Control The main point of Material Management is to satisfy the needs of all operating systems, such as the manufacturing production line, the need arising from customer demand patterns, promotional activities and physical distribution schedules. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) 2.3.1 Classification of materials Materials can be classified into groups reflecting the manner in which they can be handled and stored on the site. The way in which a material is delivered will determine how it is offloaded and where it is located. For example, sand will arrive in a tip-up body vehicle and will need to deposit onto an even clean base with walls to prevent excessive spreading. No labour will be required other than an operative directing the vehicle. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) The classification can be divided into five broad areas. Bulk The material is delivered in bulk and deposited on site into some form of container. These materials have a high wastage rate and tend to be used indiscriminately. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Bagged A bulk material placed in bags for ease of handling and controlled use in small quantities. The bag also offers some protection against wastage and deterioration. Generally, to ensure speedy unloading a large number of operatives are required to carry the bags to the storage point. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Palleted Bagged materials can be loaded onto pallets on the transport vehicle and on arrival at the site mechanical means can be used to offload them, such as fork lift trucks or cranes. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Packaged An increasing number of materials are packaged to prevent damage during transit and deterioration in storage. They can be banded together fully enclosed or just protected at their most vulnerable parts. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Loose Components are in a partially fabricated state it may not be feasible to pallet or package them. They will have to handled individually according to their weight, size and intrinsic strength. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) The firms policy should be, wherever possible, to obtain the materials either palette or packaged. This will generally involve the buyer in negotiations with the suppliers to determine the most suitable requirements. There are advantages that will be of benefit to both parties: (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Faster turn-round for vehicles on site Quicker and easier loading at the source Possible rationalization of pallet sizes and loads, together with package sizes. As a summary for classification of materials by classify the materials into five groups, it can help to aid the site management in determining the handling and storage policy and practice it needs to carry out on the site. The manner in which the material is delivered will determine its storage location, when it will be required, and how it will be off-loaded and transported. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) 2.3.2 Location on site The overriding objective of the location of materials and components on the site is that they should be as close to the point of use as is practically and economically possible. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) When materials are delivering from a far distance to the site, it will result in wasting time in delivering, risk of damage to the materials and also an increase in the cost of materials. It is necessary that the distance of the delivering materials to be managed. In develop a plan for this management, the factor which will affect the plan is the time, space, labour, plant and costs. Time. If the contract has to be completed in a relatively short time compared to similar projects, then the cost of material handling becomes a secondary consideration. It is necessary to stock-pile materials to cushion the effects of irregular delivery. This will have to be re-handled at a later date if they are deposited some distance away from the point of use. The net effect on the programme in achieving continuous production to obtain completion on time may, in this particular case, justify the extra expenditure for the double handling. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Space. On the majority of sites the space available for the storage and movement of materials and components is the major consideration. The amount of land left around a building or a group of building is restricted owning to design and cost factors. The cost of land is very high, owing mainly to its scarcity value for building, this means that the building will take up as much as of the available land area. The developer must achieve a balance between a high density of population and areas for leisure amenities. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Labour and plant. The off-loading and handling of materials in site which should be carry out by worker or machine has to be done correctly. The important of this is more main on time as time is very important for construction. For example, by using a crane to lift concrete to a high floor is much for faster than carrying by worker as the amount to be lifted is much larger and the time used is much more shorter. But there still many item that must be carry by worker such as some small item which carry only a small amount and easily broken item should be carry by worker carefully to avoid losing or damage to the item. Costs. Whatever the outcome of looking at the location problem from the point of view of time, space or labour and plant the ultimate decision will inevitably be tempered by the cost factor. If the costs exceed the budget for that particular operation a decision will have to be taken in the best interests of the project. It may be justifiable to exceed the estimate for one activity in order to produce a saving in another. If after a number of feasible solutions have been obtained on the basis of the other limiting factors, then the distinguishing criteria will be cost, with the problem being solved by using the cheapest method. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) 2.3.3 Movement on Site Movement on site mean to move the material from 1 position to another position. Incorrect ways of movement might cause damage to the materials and increase the costs. Basically, movement on site can be divided into 2 types which is horizontal movement and vertical movement. For horizontal movement, the aim is to ensure that the material is moved from one position to another over the site to minimize time, handling, damage and costs by using routes planned to ensure safety and ease travel. The routes should be defined by laying roads or marking their width. Material checker should have the responsibility and authority to police the activity. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Plant should be well maintained to avoid break down of vehicle in the way of delivery or any other to avoid wasting time on delivery. This might cause delay of construction when materials deliver to the site late and hence causes lost to the contractor. While for vertical movement, this is the movement of materials from one level to another in either a strict perpendicular manner or with a certain amount of horizontal movement. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Very little vertical movement, except in single or two storey buildings, is carried out by labour excluding for example, bricks and mortar in hods and the placing of sanitary fittings. Labours intensive lifting is expensive both in time and money. The optimum is to get the materials to the required level in the most efficient way. Lifting plant should be positioned around the building to ensure that excessive horizontal movement within the structural envelope is minimized. It should be positioned around the structural envelope is minimized. It should be able to carry component that needs to lifted, also bearing in mind its overall size. The load must be carried safelt and should be secured if there is the slightest danger of it falling. If the lifting conveyance is fixed provision has to be made to prevent the load falling outside the area occupied by the lift appliance. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) The amount of space on site will determine the allocation of the horizontal and vertical movement corridors, with an inherent danger of excessive travel by the site transport on an unlimited site and detailed planning required on a restricted one. The mode of transport to the site will affect how and where the materials will be offloaded. Site corridors should be designated according to vehicle or pedestrian use and prepared according to the loads they will have to convey. The type of transport will have to convey. The type of transport will have to be decided at the planning stage to ensure that deliveries can be handled efficiently. Vertical movement will depend upon the materials to be lifted and the height they have to reach. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) 2.3.4 Reduction of Waste Contractors are often active in the design phase when involved in design-build, construction management at risk, and agency construction management contractual relationships. This early involvement in the process provides the opportunity to help build realistic specifications for reducing waste in the construction process. (William R. Mincks Hal Johnston, 2012) Designers are typically aware of the physical attributes of materials; however, they dont usually consider the waste generated by the use of the material in the construction process. The contractor ia aware of the efficient use of material and its waste in each application. This insight can help the designer choose the optimal material for each particular use. (William R. Mincks Hal Johnston, 2012) The specification need to reflect what the owner is intending to accomplish concerning waste management. The specification should include requirements to achieve reduction of waste, such as requiring detailed waste management plans form the contractor and trade contractors on the jobsite. (William R. Mincks Hal Johnston, 2012) Waste is generated in a systematic process that can be scheduled. Begin making schedule requirements that will illustrate when and how waste will be generated. The schedule should be used to better understand waste generation and how best to recycle, reuse, or dispose of the different kinds of materials being used on the project. (William R. Mincks Hal Johnston, 2012) Figure 2.0 shows the composition of construction waste. C:UsersUserDesktopwaste.PNG Figure : Composition of construction waste Closer cooperation between designer and contractor in the design stages of building can help to prevent waste. The present form of competitive tendering produces a waste of contractors management resources in the synthesis of an unaccepted tender. This is also reflected in the successful tender in so much as the contractor will have had little or no influence over the design. His experience could have alleviated some of the waste brought about by inherent design factors. The incidence of waste has repercussions throughout the contract. Its effect will be seen through extra administrative work by management personnel, an increase in contract time, reallocation of labour, extra costs in replacement of materials, remedying faulty work because of materials, and extra costs in cleaning and disposing of waste materials. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) 2.3.5 Quality Control According to Sidney M. Levy (2007), the control of quality construction begins with an intensive review of the plans and specifications. There may be few deficiencies in the plans and specifications, some of which may have been uncovered during the estimating process, while other were unearthed by the subcontractor and vendors. The project superintendent may have unearthed constructability issues during his or her review. The need for all parties to thoroughly examine the documents under their control cannot be overemphasized. When problem are uncovered early in the game, the impact and associated costs are considerably less. Quality control is the function which must be performed throughout an organization in order to achieve its quality objectives. To produce effective quality control of incoming materials and components a practical site based system must be adopted. The control of work-in-progress will not be discussed unless it overlaps the system to be applied to materials. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Component of building is cannot without the present of quality control because of the interrelationship of each others. The quality must set at the target where it is likely possible to achieved and sufficient. If the target of quality is arrange out of the capability, it not just wasting the time but also create delay of the project. So, quality control is not just based on what quality standard is to be achieved, but it is also based on the existing techniques and capability to control the quality. In order to control the quality of materials, materials can be inspected by 3 method which is visual method, tactile method, and statistical method. Inspection is not carried out by using either one of these methods but by according to the type of materials by using which method. Inspection is preferred to be carry out before the materials are unloaded as this can avoid unnecessary defective hence to prevent from wasting time and energy to demolish and rebuild. Visual inspection is generally only possible if the items are not packaged and where the quality can be seen at a glance, eg timber. During unloading some damaged goods may be found if a competent person is in charge. If it is left to untrained operatives to unload, damage may be caused and defective items not noticed and their importance realized. Checks should be carried out prior to and during unloading, with a final check on the method of protection. The vast majority of quality control checks are visual and defective material is generally easily recognized. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) For tactile inspection, from the appearance of a material it may be seen to be defective or of a poor quality but by touching it this can be confirmed. This method of inspection has only a limited application and is usually confined to materials such as sand, cement, plaster and joinery timber. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) By using statistical techniques on samples from bulk deliveries the state of the whole deliver can be fairly accurately forecast. It is not intended to describe here the mathematics behind these techniques but to show where they can be applied on the site. The most common sampling test used is the concrete cube test. A quality if concrete is taken from a batch, and compacted into a number of cast iron cubes. These are allowed to cure for a specific number of days and then the concrete cubes are tested for compressive strength. It is assumed that the cubes represent the whole batch of concrete and that the results of the tests on the sample reflect the expected results if all the concrete was tested. This same technique can be used on bricks, aggregate, timber, and components. (Ian E Chandler, 1978) Suggested by Ian E Chandler (1978), to be effective a quality control system should be based on a close liaison between the architect and the builder. A system should be developed in conjunction with the general materials handling procedures and this carried out under the responsibility of the person in control of materials. The system must be set the quality standard, plan how it is to be adopted, implement the methods of inspection and provide for a long term control of quality. An efficient system will cover its costs, ensure that a job is executed to the satisfaction of the architect and possibly provide and additional saving for the contractor. With strict control, pressure can be brought to bear on the materials suppliers and with good quality materials a high standard of workmanship can be achieved in creating the finished article. 2.4 Advantages of Material Management in Building Construction In Building construction industries, what is the advantages of Material Management will bring the benefit to Contractors Company. In fact, the adoption of Material Management by the Contractors Company will generate a number of significantly valuable advantages in terms of total organizational control and materials control. In according to Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos (1995), the advantages are as follows: Maximun company profit Improved customer service Improvement of credibility Enhancement of communication Improved quality of staff 2.4.1 Maximum company profit According to Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos (1995), like other major company functions, Material Management is mainly responsible to maximize the company profits. Because Material Management control the company 4M which is materials, machines, manpower, and money, it has significant potential for increasing company profits by reducing costs. Cost reduction opportunities are possible throughout the material function. Some typical examples are as follows: Decreasing part shortages (resulting in more efficient use of labour, plant and materials). Reducing inventory level through improved controls. Lowering transportation costs as result of using minimum cost of transport vehicle to send the building materials Always ensure the material is order and send to the site at the suitable time, prevent any material which is brought to the site prematurely. If possible, purchasing manager should order the material in large quantity and enjoy certain amount of discount. (Material in large quantity like cement, timber, and etc where can be store for longer period of time) Material Management can make an important contribution to a companys profit margin by reducing total costs, which can then provide a reduction in Building development price. Reduction development price can result in higher sales during the periods of marketing for completed building, as well as the ability to maintain sales volume during a contracting market. Another benefit achieved by reducing materials cost is that can help a company to maintain the same product (Building) price during periods of increasing resources costs. (Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos , 1995) According to Elijah E. Ogbadu (2009), materials management and marketing department should cooperate in ensuring the organization for the profitability. Materials management has the ability to produce the exact quality of the materials used to avoid wastage to obtain the lowest possible cost which will then bring marketing maintain competitive advantage. Consequently sales and profit will be increased. 2.4.2 Improved customer service The second benefit of applied the Material Management in building industry is that the product quality provided to the customer will increased. Quality control is part of the essential topic under the Material Management function. In regard with the product quality, the firm which adopted the Material Management system will normally balanced their product cost and quality. It is not true that with the lowest cost of product will decline the quality of the product. When the building sales in the market with the reasonable cost and better quality, then it will constantly maintain the customer product quality and with lower building cost. (Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos , 1995) 2.4.3 Improvement of credibility An important factor in the day-to-day operation of a company is the reliability and accuracy of each groups performance and activities. Each and group within the company must depend on others for correct timing and performance, if anyone falters, the overall performance is affected. In some respects, company activities are more complex than this. Individual department begin to take safety precautions when they are forced to work with others who are less reliable than they. With a Material Management organization, various functions (marketing, manufacturing, etc) get better, more reliable service. The Material Management organization provides credibility of performance, which helps to reduce costs and lessen confusion. It also contributes to an atmosphere of mutual and cooperation. (Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos , 1995) 2.4.4 Enhancement of communication The Material Management offer the benefit of enhance the communication by provide a communication network that reacts quickly and facilitates improved rational action throughout the system. Combining the various fragmented groups enhances communication by shortening message channels, allowing common use of data, providing greater potential use of communication through data processing equipment, and encouraging the flow of information between people. (Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos , 1995) 2.4.5 Improved quality of staff This statement given that the material manager will promote team based working and will offer greater promotion and staff development opportunities, the company will attract a higher capability staff to work together. Majority, the employee will aim for higher status of working environment and also challenging work. The company with systematic organization may attract those experienced staff working within the firm, so the company with Material Management system is form of systematic approach which will create a good image to company. (Eugene L. Magad and John M. Amos , 1995)

Essay --

Popular representations of war encompass how different generations and societies have seen, witnessed and explained or justified wars through the use of language, literature, visual arts and later, films. Contemporary war refers to the new concepts, weaponry, and technologies that have been used at the beginning of WWII to the present time period. Over the years that have passed, the methods and concepts have assumed newer complex forms, mainly due to widespread use of information and technology and also modern armies that have constantly upgraded to preserve their battle worthiness. Furthermore, contemporary war has sought the greater inclusion of civilians and civilian infrastructure as targets in destroying a nations capability of waging war. As an apt corollary of popular representations of war, Homer’s epic poem, ‘The Iliad’, tries to show its audience the suffering and loss caused by war, in his time period. In addition, some of the main themes in popular re presentations of war are, for example, the theme of wrath and revenge, motives that have been the start of many wars; and the theme of military prowess. However, ‘The Iliad’ can also be seen as a misleading corollary that disconnects from popular representations of war through the centuries, due to the fact that it excludes the theme of battle or combat suffering, since in ‘The Iliad’, soldiers die instantly, whereas the author does not expose to the readers the suffering accompanying so many wounded soldiers, who die a slow and un-hero like death. Using adequate quotes from ‘The Iliad’, Lokesson, Shay, and other outside sources, we will try to understand how ‘The Iliad’ is an apt and a misleading corollary to understand popular representations of war. The Greek ancient ... ...wn us a less tidy affair, involving many conflicting needs and many more possibilities of dissent. Overall, one thing remains clear, whether in The Iliad or in other depictions of war through the times, it is the young that are sent to the battlefield, either to gain glory or to die, thus, as Herbert Hoover once said: â€Å"Old men declare war. But it is the youth that must fight and die.† The Iliad is no different, as it clearly shows us that war is waged by those that can physically fight it, that show the bravery and masculine love for the affair and that have something to gain (or lose) from it. The Iliad thus, becomes perhaps, one of the greatest depictions of how war is fought and why it is fought, and the pathos it brings to all it touches. If we still read it 2,500 years or so, after it was written, it must conjure powerful feelings with which we still identify. Essay -- Popular representations of war encompass how different generations and societies have seen, witnessed and explained or justified wars through the use of language, literature, visual arts and later, films. Contemporary war refers to the new concepts, weaponry, and technologies that have been used at the beginning of WWII to the present time period. Over the years that have passed, the methods and concepts have assumed newer complex forms, mainly due to widespread use of information and technology and also modern armies that have constantly upgraded to preserve their battle worthiness. Furthermore, contemporary war has sought the greater inclusion of civilians and civilian infrastructure as targets in destroying a nations capability of waging war. As an apt corollary of popular representations of war, Homer’s epic poem, ‘The Iliad’, tries to show its audience the suffering and loss caused by war, in his time period. In addition, some of the main themes in popular re presentations of war are, for example, the theme of wrath and revenge, motives that have been the start of many wars; and the theme of military prowess. However, ‘The Iliad’ can also be seen as a misleading corollary that disconnects from popular representations of war through the centuries, due to the fact that it excludes the theme of battle or combat suffering, since in ‘The Iliad’, soldiers die instantly, whereas the author does not expose to the readers the suffering accompanying so many wounded soldiers, who die a slow and un-hero like death. Using adequate quotes from ‘The Iliad’, Lokesson, Shay, and other outside sources, we will try to understand how ‘The Iliad’ is an apt and a misleading corollary to understand popular representations of war. The Greek ancient ... ...wn us a less tidy affair, involving many conflicting needs and many more possibilities of dissent. Overall, one thing remains clear, whether in The Iliad or in other depictions of war through the times, it is the young that are sent to the battlefield, either to gain glory or to die, thus, as Herbert Hoover once said: â€Å"Old men declare war. But it is the youth that must fight and die.† The Iliad is no different, as it clearly shows us that war is waged by those that can physically fight it, that show the bravery and masculine love for the affair and that have something to gain (or lose) from it. The Iliad thus, becomes perhaps, one of the greatest depictions of how war is fought and why it is fought, and the pathos it brings to all it touches. If we still read it 2,500 years or so, after it was written, it must conjure powerful feelings with which we still identify.